Equity And the Law of Trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Equity And the Law of Trust - Essay Example An express trust is created by the settlor’s conveyance of property by will or deed to a party, for this property to be held in trust for others. Creation of a trust does not require consideration. Written and formal documents are needed only for Trusts of real estate as required by the Statute of Frauds. A resulting trust is created when the intention is inferred or presumed, by a court of equity, from the terms of disposition of the property. Finally, a constructive trust results when a court of equity compels the person having legal title, to hold it for the benefit of another. A person guilty of fraudulent acquisition of title to property will be deemed by the court to be the trustee and will be ordered to hand over the property to the defrauded party. (Trust – property law-, n.d). Trusts are set up for the joint ownership of the matrimonial home, reduce amount of tax payable, provide for infants, the elderly or mentally disordered and to protect people from their vices. Sometimes the public donates money in response to some disaster or crisis and the law has to formulate a mechanism to administer the resulting fund. (Equity and the law of Trusts, n.d). In the present day world, the role of Trusts has assumed great significance. Trusts minimize estate taxes or help people who cannot manage their own assets for example minor children, disabled children or aged parents. Sometimes a trust is created to provide support and property management for a surviving spouse and minor children or for the educational purpose of children and grandchildren. Conditions of Revocable Trusts can be changed only during the lifetime of the settlor. This is beneficial for adapting to the changes taking place in tax and estate laws. Irrevocable Trusts cannot be changed, revoked or terminated once they are set up and do not provide for changes in the tax and estate laws. Some of the modern day varieties of Trusts are: Living Trusts or Trusts which are created and

Gmf (Genetically Modified Food) Essay Example for Free

Gmf (Genetically Modified Food) Essay Genetically modified foods is the term most commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human or ani mal consumption, which have been modified in the laboratory to enhance desired traits or improved nutritional content. The enhancement of desired traits has traditionally been undertaken through breeding, but conventional plant breeding methods can be very time consuming and are often not very accurate. Genetic engineering, on the other hand, can create plants with the exact desired trait very rapidly and with great accuracy. Development. GM foods were first put on the market in the early 1990s. Typically, genetically modified foods are plant products: soybean, corn, canola, and cotton seed oil, but animal products have been proposed. The first commercially grown genetically modified whole food crop was the tomato puree (called FlavrSavr), which was made more resistant to rotting by Californian company Calgene. Currently, th ere are a number of foods of which a genetically modified version exists. What plants are involved? Some foods have been modified to make them resistant to insects and viruses and more able to tolerate herbicides. Crops that have been modified for these purposes, with approval from the relevant authorities, in a number of countries, include: maize, soybean, oilseed rape (canola), chicory, squash, potato. Some of the advantages of GM foods: There is a need to produce inexpensive, safe and nutritious foods to help feed the world’s growing population. Genetic modification may provide: ï‚ · Better quality food. ï‚ · Higher nutritional yields. ï‚ · Inexpensive and nutritious food, like carrots with more antioxidants. ï‚ · Foods with a greater shelf life, like tomatoes that taste better and last longer. ï‚ · Food with medicinal benefits, such as edible vaccines for example, bananas with bacterial or rotavirus antigens. ï‚ · Crops and produce that require less chemical application, such as herbicide resistant canola. Some of the disadvantages of GM foods: Food regulatory authorities require that GM foods receive individual pre-market safety assessments. Also, the principle of ‘substantial equivalence’ is used. This means that an existing food is compared with its genetically modified coun terpart to find any differences between the existing food and the new product. The assessment investigates: ï‚ · Toxicity (using similar methods to those used for conventional foods). ï‚ · Tendency to provoke any allergic reaction. ï‚ · Stability of the inserted gene. ï‚ · Whether there is any nutritional deficit or change in the GM food. ï‚ · Any other unintended effects of the gene insertion. Economic concerns: Bringing a GM food to market is a lengthy and costly process, and of course agri -biotech companies wish to ensure a profitable return on their investment. Many new plant genetic engineering technologies and GM plants have been patented, and patent infringement is a big concern of agribusiness. Yet consumer advocates are worried that patenting these new plant varieties will raise the price of seeds so high that small farmers and third world countries will not be able to afford seeds for GM crops, thus widening the gap between the wealthy and the poor. One way to combat possible patent infringement is to introduce a suici de gene into GM plants. These plants would be viable for only one growing season and would produce sterile seeds that do not germinate. Farmers would need to buy a fresh supply of seeds each year. However, this would be financially disastrous for farmers in third world countries who cannot afford to buy seed each year and traditionally set aside a portion of their harvest to plant in the next growing season. How are GM foods labeled? Labeling of GM foods and food products is also a contentious issue. On th e whole, agribusiness industries believe that labeling should be voluntary and influenced by the demands of the free market. If consumers show preference for labeled foods over non -labeled foods, then industry will have the incentive to regulate itself or risk alienating the customer. There are many questions that must be answered if labeling of GM foods becomes mandatory such as; are consumers willing to absorb the cost of such an initiative? If the food production industry is required to label GM foods, factories will need to construct two separate processing streams and monitor the production lines accordingly. Farmers must be able to keep GM crops and non -GM crops from mixing during planting, harvesting and shipping. It is almost assured that industry will pass along these additional costs to consumers in the form of higher prices. Food labels must be designed to clearly convey accurate information about the product in simple language that everyone can understand. Conclusion: Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the worlds hunger and malnutrition problems, and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides. However, we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology.

Chinas One Party System Analysis

Chinas One Party System Analysis Zhiting Liu One-party system and multi-party system, how about China? As people know, most of the countries in the world they implement the multi-party system, like in U.S.A, UK and Germany. However, some of the countries use the one-party system to manage the government, like in China, North Korea and Cuba. So, what’s the different with one-party system and multi-party system and which one is the best one in the world? There are many question of the people, and people always argument with it. In my opinion, the United States is a dictatorship, but was a â€Å"clever dictatorship†, China have its own feature model of one-party system and people need for an effective monitoring system. So, what is the one-party system? And what is the multi-party system? One-party system is a type of state in which a single political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution. All other parties are either outlawed or allowed to take only a limited and controlled participation in elections (Wiki, 2014). And a multi-party system is a system in which multiple political parties have the capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in coalition (Wiki, 2012). When people talk the party system, they always talk the one-party system is dictatorship and multi-party system is democratic. In fact, multi-party system can have authoritarian and one-party system also can have democracy. And if talks about the dictatorship and democratic, we need to explain it first. The most primitive dictatorship is in the ancient China of Qin dynasty, the emperors said Shi Wu Ju Xi Jie Jue Yu Shang(Sima Qian, shih chi), these Chinese characters mean all the events need decided by the emperor. However as history goes, the connotation of dictatorship was shifted, in nowadays it is: A few people with their own will to governing the behavior of most people. Indeed, the countries such as the United States also have this. This will be talked about later. And the democracy, it is divided into great democracy and small democracy, great democracy is a kind of denial of governmental authority, the people were completely manage the country. In fact, the Chinese Cultural Revolution is an extreme great democracy. And the cost of great democracy is Chaos. Small democracy is a behavior which part of the people in a small range to management themselves. Small democracy is scientific and feasible, because the wisdom of ordinary people is limited, for their side of things, the management is reasonable and capable, but for high-level national policy it could not, even if they are given a great democracy with limited management power, they can easily be swayed by some political forces, thus becoming a puppet dictatorship under the guise of democracy. At first, how multi-party dictatorship. For example, in the United States, the United States is a two-party country. The two parties in the political philosophy of the left (Democrat) and the right (Republicans), but the two parties are deeply influenced by American consortium. The United States is the kingdom of money first, money can control the politic and it is legitimate. When in every general election, the major consortia will selected a good team, and be the financial assistant of their contestants†, they establishment of various campaign funds, go canvassing the people and make momentum to get votes. Theres only one US president is not receiving any money support and got success in the history of the United States presidential election, that is Lincoln. When the contestants successful campaign to become US president candidate, he is bound to reciprocate the consortium which support him. Certainly, his returns are not increased tax and other fees then repay to them, but the bias of the policy. For example, in some way George W. Bush launched the Iraq war was a feedback to the US arms group. This is the issue of administrative aspects. In the legislation part, although the Member of Parliament in the United States was elected by the popular vote, but they dont have an effective monitoring mechanism. Thats mean when a person becomes member, before end of the term, he is unfettered, so he get bribe from a big consortia is a very easy thing to do. If a bill is being reviewed but is conflict of interest, then there is no guarantee of stakeholders who would think some distorted ideas. This is a test of Members, but in this time, Members are not subject to the supervision and restriction by other agencies, so he could reasonably have been legally inclined to support or deny a bill, then get the benefits from one of the stakeholders. As long as a good price then there is no need to tangle up for re-election. For this hidden dictatorship, how many people can perceive it? In fact, as long as the control of the executive power (President) and legislative (Congress) it will be able to completely control the politics of a country, and in a country where money is worshipped, in fact, the money is in charge of everything. However, the spokesperson of money is consortiums and capitalists. In essence, the United States is a dictatorship, but a clever dictatorship. The American two-party system, in essence, is representing supported their capitalist camp, but nothing on the concept of fine-tuning, the Republican Party is absolutely conservative, and it always tend to be protect by big capitalists. The Democratic Party is relatively aggressive, they tend to give benefit to the general public. But what is for their shareholders to speak? Such as the fail policy like Obamas health Insuranceâ€Å", who can give financial support to this. Though my primary example is America, I want to briefly mention that these principles can also be observed in European political parties. The European political parties actually almost as same as America, if the West countries is absolutely democratic politics, then why do they not allow the ruling is a Communist Party candidate? Almost every Western country has the presence of the Communist Party, but all of them receive severe pressure. From this point of, the Western democracy is nothing but a hypocritical rule tool. Then lets see the strengths and weaknesses of one-party system. The first advantage of one-party system is its strong ability to mobilize. It means concentrating power, then we cannot ignore the economic miracles of the Soviet Union and the economic miracles which was being staged in China, both of them are faster than the capitalist countries when they development in the capital accumulation stage. The development results in Western countries are cost two or three decades. But in the Soviet Union and China, both of them were only need to take two or three five-year plan. (Wiki, 2014) One-party state, especially the Communist Party of the State, its national mobilization capability is very powerful, it will be better able to respond to some of the major events, such as war, from the Soviet Union to North Korea, the countries which are really powerful. The disadvantage of the one-party is the abuse of its strong mobilize ability. Since the individual level issues, the direction of the Communist Party of mobilization is not necessarily correct, such as the year of the Soviet Union, the government mobilize the national forces to engage in an arms race, and finally it was lead to economic stagnation and coup. And now, in the North Korea, the government regardless of peoples life, the country is to engage in military-first policy. And now Chinese official is too much lay emphasis on speed of economic development and neglects other aspects of construction and so on, this is an abuse of mobilization capacity, which is the foreign people who always talks the dictatorship of one-party system. Before I discuss the advantages of Chinas current one-party system and the advantage of multi-party system. At first we need to have a clear concept of the one party system and Chinas current one-party system, they are not a same thing. Although it is undeniable that Chinas current one-party system has many problems, but cannot be generalized. One-party system could have a variety of modes, for example, one-party system in A-mode, B-mode single-party system, C mode one party system, etc. If now China is use an A-model party system, and its not very suitable, it’s not mean that the party system B mode is not good either. As another example, a foreigner practicing the Chinese Kungfu, and he do the terrible job, but you cannot deduce the Chinese Kungfu is very bad in itself, this is the truth. Therefore, if the Chinas current one-party system are different with the normally one-party system or have some problems, that you can understand this is a new model of one-party management which are more suitable with Chinas policy and social. And China still need time to modified the issue and make it completely. In the March 3rd, 2010, there was a news posted in the Singapore’s newspaper, the tittle is: â€Å"Comparative Politics: Why Chinas one-party system is superior to the Western multiparty system.† (Newspaper, 2010) In this whole article, the author gives six advantages of China’s current one-party system. One of the advantages of Chinas one-party system is that the country can develop a national long-term development plan and maintain the stability of the policy, it didnt effect by different political party which have the different positon. The first part is the advantage of one-party system, its the powerful ability of mobilize, needless to say anymore. The second advantage of Chinas one-party system is the high efficiency. For the challenges and opportunities China can make timely and effective response, especially in response to sudden disaster events. The word High efficiency is used inappropriately. In fact, its still talks about the national mobilization, with the ability of Western countries, they are difficult to achieve effectively mobilize from the whole society, it is the disadvantaged of their ability to mobilize. But with the high efficiency is not an appropriate word to sum up the truth, because the Western countries they are advanced in science or technology and in the field of efficiency significantly they are higher than China. In the other side Science and Technology is the driving force of its wealth creation. The third advantage of Chinas one-party, is in this particular period of social transition, the government can effectively curb the spread of corruption. For the part three, it is obviously nonsense, because under the current one-party system which corruption is impossible to get effective control. In the Chinese one-party system it was absence of have an effective monitoring mechanism. Is the government suppress the corruption, we cannot see it, because we can only get the news which is the government want us to know. But if China can develop an effective monitoring mechanism in the future, then the one-party system can really more effective than a multiparty system to curb corruption. Because when that system have the power to protect the people, ordinary people can exert a greater influence on personnel appointment and dismissal, while the peoples passion of bottom level for fighting corruption is not self-evident, therefore, anti-corruption efforts can be more efficient operation in support of its system. In contrast, multi-party system, if party A corruption, they change to Party B, then Party B and back again corrupt party A, and so forth, the result is still the same. Taiwan does not is a vivid example? DPP ousted the KMT and they do the same thing (Truth in Taiwan, 2010). Therefore, the key to solve the eradication of corruption is not one-party or multi-party system, but the people become an effective monitoring mechanism. Chinas fourth one-party Advantage is the Chinese government it is a more accountable government. If it is a one-party ruling, it must take full responsibility for all the acts. And for the multi-party ruling, actually they always have a new beginning after the election, to know the stand or fall of a political party, just look the election. For normally people, they are not choose the best, just drive away the worst. They always only hold â€Å"this is not the best, but have no choice attitude to towards the new ruling party. As for the one-party system, although normally people do not have the opportunity to choose another, but they can reasonably and lawfully to oversight and reform the government. So, the multi-party system of government needs to take more responsibility, and to take full responsibility for their words and deeds, so that people do not have elections in the game again and again to choose more responsible government Chinas one-party advantage fifth is that in personnel training and selection mechanisms the government can avoid the waste of talent. This is completely nonsense, because the one-party system China has screened talent people earlier and only those talent who support their can get a good development, the other people who was nonsupport government not only give up them, but also given pressure, thats the causing many of peoples go abroad and live overseas. In that moment, the multi-party system countries develop a training system capable of supporting the all intellectuals, and theres no political part to affect them to study and get development. The Sixth advantage of Chinas one-party system is that it can truly representative referendum. For this section and the status quo it was seem to have a very big contrast. Because the people who live in one-party system countries they always get unfair threat, but in the multi-party system countries people were feel freedom. Overall, according to the opinion of Max, a mature party system is better than a multi-party system, but nowadays the one-party system is not mature so there is not happened. Whether a one-party system or a multi-party system, all need people to supervise, we need a completely monitoring mechanism. The monitoring mechanism of Multi-party is election system, but it is too irresponsible, it only show a complete new name after the election, there are no major aspects of change, and it only mend small ways to cope the voter’s trouble. And the monitoring mechanism of Chinas one-party have not been established. As long as China can develop an effective monitoring mechanism of the one-party system, like allow the normal people to participate in the personnel appointment and removal, it is more effective and more democratic than the way of voters evaluate. Reference page One-party System.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Nov. 2014. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. Multi-party System.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Nov. 2014. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. â€Å"Shi Wu Ju Xi Jie Jue Yu Shang† Sima Qian. Shih Chi, 101-104 BC. â€Å"Five year plan† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Nov. 2014. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. â€Å"Comparative Politics: Why Chinas one-party system is superior to the Western multiparty system.† Song Luzheng. Singapore united news, March 3rd, 2010. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. KMT vs DPP. Truth in Taiwan. Truth in Taiwan, 21 May 2010. Web. 24 Nov. 2014.

Charles Dickens and Samuel Clemens :: essays research papers fc

Charles Dickens and Samuel Clemens (1812-1870)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (1835-1910) Charles Dickens and Samuel Clemens lived in different parts of the world, England and America. Charles Dickens was twenty-three years old when Samuel Clemens was born. Charles Dickens was a boy who loved learning, while Samuel Clemens could hardly wait for school to end. Despite the fact that both authors reference Christianity and its customs, historians believe that Charles Dickens was a Christian whereas Samuel Clemens was not. The similarities between Charles Dickens and Samuel Clemens are numerous. Both authors are world famous legends who wrote many novels, created many characters, had an autobiographical character, and based characters on people in their lives. Samuel Clemens used the pen name Mark Twain and Charles Dickens, for a brief time, used the pen name Boz. Both authors worked as journalists and wrote until the day they died. Their life experiences were reflected in their writings and the period in which they wrote was merely an account of what was really happening in history. England in the early years of the seventeenth century enjoyed the regency of the Prince of Wales, went to war with the United States and watched Napoleon’s final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. During this time, one of the world’s greatest morally and socially responsible novelists, Charles Dickens was born in Portsea, England in 1812. Charles was the second child and the oldest son of John and Elizabeth Dickens. Charles’ early years were happy especially during the ages of 5-9. He loved school, was imaginative and had a hunger for reading. Charles Dickens: A Literary Life page 47 describes the collection of books in the attic that Charles would read as if it were a matter of life or death. Don Quixote, Robinson Crusoe, Arabian Nights and The Tales of the Genii, was reading material not suitable for a child, yet all of these stories influenced the novels Dickens would eventually write. His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office. Charles had a carefree life. He and his friends wore white beaver hats and called themselves Giles’ Cats. His parents had many parties and invited many friends, but the problem was that they spent more money than they had. By the time Charles was ten his family had lived in six different houses and each one was poorer and poorer than the one before. There were eight children and the family fell deeper and deeper into debt.

What Makes a Marketing Professional Successful

What Makes a Marketing Professional Successful? Marketing is not only making customers interested in buying a product and spreading your brand throughout the world, but also about building long lasting relationship based on trust, because the clients feel interested to buy your products trusting on your words and you must believe in honesty to be the best policy.Some people may think this as an impossible proposition because the immediate fruit of honesty in all occasions of business is not always sweet but if you dream of aking your business a time-tested success, the first thing that should be kept in mind is the bond between customer and the marketer. To be a successful marketing manager one must have the following qualities: Unquenchable Thirst for Knowledge: Never attain satiety in business, always try new limits, experiment and discover new boundaries. Be an Observer: A lot can be learnt from the fellow entrepreneurs.You must possess an open mind to accept diverse ideas from mu ltiple places, your friends and competitors alike and be a keen observer to notice minute details of marketing trategy. Persistent Effort: Persistency is one of the most needed qualities of a successful marketing professional. Being persistent is the quality of possessing the concentration and aptitude to try and stick to one about-to-be-effective point in spite of thousands of difficulties and oppositions. It is natural to stumble in a Journey through uneven roads where challenges are regular, but what matters it whether you continue walking or not.Positivity of mind: Do not take a lot of tension on your head. Anxiety often makes things more disastrous than they actually would be. So, Just do your Job, build customer relationship, stick to your policies and most importantly enjoy doing your job. Tolerance and Acceptance: It is not possible that you will be always meeting clients with exact ideal nature, who understand your points and reasonably demands everything. You may come acro ss a bunch of people who possess bent of minds that do not match with you.Experimenting: Experimenting with new ideas, technologies, companies and rospective customer base has always proved to be beneficial. every moment from every opportunity. Strong Decisions: Every business decision should be taken without hesitation. If you feel sure about the positive outcome, you have to dare to face the opposition of others for the benefit of the business and if possible make them understand your views. Check the details of Start-up companies: Do not rush into a tie with new companies before checking their details. References: http://classofl . com/homework-help/marketing-homework-help/

Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature by Larsen and Buss

Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature by Larsen and Buss The book Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature by Larsen and Buss covers wide range of research topics on personality psychology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature by Larsen and Buss specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, the authors have largely focused on research studies done by other scholars that cover numerous domains which shape personality in human beings. This paper will narrow down on the cognitive domain that is also referred to as experimental domain. It is worth noting that the researchers came up with a personality theory in order to understand how cognitive performance of Individuals influences their personalities. In addition, researchers in the book conducted a survey to examine how people with different cognitive abilities differ in their personalities. As a result, the researchers found out that different individuals have dissi milar level of cognitive performance (Larsen and Buss 34). Consequently, this influences their altitude and level of motivation, a factor that is likely to influence their personalities either positively or negatively. Needless to say, research on personality domain revealed that the experiences which an individual goes through in life also influence personality. In addition to this, the study revealed that aspects such as gender, emotion and evolution affect personality. Needless to say, emotion as well as physical and mental health have also been proved to cause personality variation among individuals.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Having a close look at the analysis in the book, it is evident that the research study derived its conclusions from traditional spheres through questionnaires (Larsen and Buss 317). Despite the outcomes of the research, it is imperative to no te that there were a few limitations. As a matter of fact, there is lack of appropriate benchmarks to measure cognitive abilities among individuals since different environmental conditions expose individuals to dissimilar experiences. Moreover, some individuals who could have been perceived to have poor cognitive ability were misquoted due to lack of motivation in their environment. In this case, cognitive performance was not the best benchmark to determine personality of an individual. Moreover, another potential limitation of the study is the fact that researchers also derived their conclusions by reviewing previous researches which could obviously be biased (Larsen and Buss 412). However, the study on personality domain is essential to students who pursue personality psychology. This is due to the fact that they get exposed to the numerous aspects that influence personality development. Moreover, they also get to understand how other domains such as culture, intra-physic, biologi cal and dispositional factors influence personality (Larsen and Buss 12). Needless to say, it is definite that learners will benefit from this book and especially be informed on how to apply numerous personality theories. Additionally, there are certain concepts that are related to personality theories in the book which can be useful to learners pursuing psychological courses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature by Larsen and Buss specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it is reasonably beyond doubt that students can derive adequate knowledge from the book to construct a solid foundation on their scientific quest to understand human nature. On applying the numerous theories in the study, the researcher study conducted on personality at an individual or group level is influenced by diverse factors within the environment (Larsen and Buss 103). Basically, the research findings re vealed that some of the major landmarks that influence personality include culture and biological dispositions. The research also demonstrated that human personality is a product of both nature and nurture (Larsen and Buss 280). Therefore, one can argue that personal attributes such as behavior, values and attitude are also influenced by experiences that an individual goes through right from childhood to adulthood. Larsen, Randy and Buss, Davis. Personality Psychology: Domains of  Knowledge about Human Nature. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2009. Print.

How to Stop Procrastinating and Increase Concentration

How to Stop Procrastinating and Increase Concentration How to Stop Procrastinating and Increase Concentration No matter how close the deadline, sometimes your motivation to read, research, write and edit your paper can dwindle. This can be particularly bad if youre prone to procrastinating. The technology that surrounds us in everyday life means that there are endless distractions available. For those of us prone to procrastinating, getting work done can therefore be a challenge. However, there are also some practical steps you can take to improve the way you work, and therefore the quality of the work you complete. If you’re in the throes of a bout of procrastination and staring a deadline in the face, the following tips might be helpful. Get Rid of Online Distractions Even short periods spent on Facebook or Twitter can add up, and you spend more time taking quizzes to find out which Harry Potter character you are than researching your paper. To get rid of temptation online, install a program that blocks certain websites for a specified time. This allows you to work uninterrupted. Take Regular Breaks Some research suggests that the average persons attention span is roughly 8.25 seconds. Its probably not surprising that were so prone to procrastinating, if that is true. Especially since writing an assignment requires concentrating for longer periods. However, your ability to concentrate for longer periods decreases as you get tired, so regular (planned) breaks are essential. Even a short break of ten minutes every few hours can boost your concentration and efficiency. Breaks from work are also useful in a more general sense. Once you have completed a draft of a chapter or part of your paper, leave it for twenty-four hours. You will then be able to return to it with fresh eyes, making editing much easier. Take Exercise Exercise taken during the work day can boost concentration, motivation and time management. If possible, fit some form of exercise into your day. A brisk walk at lunchtime will improve not only your health and mood but also your concentration. Drink Water Staying well hydrated is vital for cognitive functioning, so concentration can be hindered if you aren’t getting enough fluids. Don’t forget to drink enough throughout the day, as by the time you feel thirsty, your brain power may have decreased by up to 10%. Create the Perfect Environment Minor irritations, like an uncomfortable chair or a dim light which forces you to strain your eyes, can contribute to a lack of desire to work. Ensure that your working environment is comfortable and calming so that you can focus on your work. Know Your Optimal Working Routine Something which can dramatically reduce procrastination and improve efficiency is working out an optimized working routine. For example, different people work better at different times of day; night owls might get their best work done at midnight, while early birds might have 2,000 words done before 9am! Work to your strengths, but make sure your sleeping pattern is not affected. What Motivates You? Sometimes, small rewards can increase motivation and having something tangible to look forward to can spur you on to meet your goals. Knowing you have dinner plans with friends will encourage you to meet your targets for the day.

The Struggle for Japanese Wome essays

The Struggle for Japanese Wome essays It is impossible to judge a book off its cover. Japan is like a bad book with a good cover. On the outside, Japans cover looks like one in which other countries should envy. When we take a look and see that their income gap between rich and poor is smaller than that of the United States. Generally, the Japanese are known for their teamwork, and equality. If anyone in Japan is making a outrageous salary they are looked down on because that shows individuality, and it goes against teamwork. There is no need for unions in Japan, equality seems to be each companies goal. But like a bad book with a good cover, there is a far different story behind all of this. In all of the great things listed above, Japanese women are not included in this dynamic. Throughout this report you will see the inequality in the Japanese workplace, the struggle between the Sogoshoku and the Ippanshoku, and how the Japanese women are starting to chose work over home. Inequality in the Japanese Workplace The socialization of men dominating women in Japan starts at a young age. Japanese boys and girls are taught to use different expressions and words. As Japanese girls reach their teenage years, the majority of them have no major goals. 52% of women and 65% of men believe that mens job is to work and womens is to keep house (Family Planning Perspectives,1999). They have grown up to believe that their first job is at home. One of the only things that the Japanese girls have to dream about is their elegant and elaborate wedding ceremony. Getting married though can hurt women from ever getting hired with any company. Large Japanese companies often encourage women to quit upon getting married, or at least when they have their first child (Newcomb, 1998). If a Japanese woman aims for other goals such as education, she needs to be careful. Most companies will not hire ...

Most Americans should not use credit cards Essay

Most Americans should not use credit cards - Essay Example Yet, while banks use this threat of increased risk to justify the higher interest rates, the same institutions also charge significant late fees, overdraft penalties, and debt-collection surcharges on consumers when they miss payments or go into default. These additional fees are included in the fine print of credit card agreement statements that few people bother to read or study before signing up with a bank. Consequently, credit cards can lead to significantly higher charges over time for the same retail items than if the identical goods were purchased with cash or second-hand at a discount. Because many retail purchases such as electronics, automobiles, or other appliances can lose as much as 50% of their value against new item prices when they are used, there often is no opportunity for consumers to resell goods purchased with credit for the same price as the original item. These factors combine to make credit card use personally inadvisable for most consumers, though society pr esents few options in alternative to this form of lending. Economists, financial advisors, and analysts have been warning consumers for decades about the serious consequences that the use of credit cards for purchases can have on a family budget. However, the use of credit cards can also have wider and more subtle social effects that even change the fundamental values of a culture. George Ritzer (1995), author of â€Å"The McDonaldization of Society,† described some of these issues, writing about the globalization of consumer credit card culture and its values, which leads to â€Å"†¦consumerism and indebtedness, fraud, invasion of privacy, rationalization and dehumanization, and homogenization stemming from increasing Americanization.† (Ritzer, 1995) Consumerism can be viewed as a value system which replaces traditional community symbols such as those found in religion, nationalism, and ethnic identities with a status-based symbolic hierarchy founded in displays of wealth through conspicuous consumption. In its crudest form, the person who has the most wealth has the greatest amount of power and status in a society, and this is reflected in mainstream values by the subtle distinctions made between individuals based on their manner of dress, collection of consumer gadgetry, or other symbolic displays of purchasing power. While some individuals may reject this value system in favor of more traditional or forward-thinking models, the stereotypes of consumerist behavior are repeated incessantly through popular media where advertising and entertainment are joined with a consumerist worldview that values people based upon what they buy rather than what they create or express. Critically, it can be argued that such a transition impoverishes America and the world when it is exported, in that these values are false, manipulated, and designed to fuel corporate profits for a minority of society rather than promote what is good and progressive for the greater whole of the global community. Paul Heidhues and Boton Koszegi discussed the manipulation of consumer behavior in the sale and marketing of credit cards within the larger consumerist system of values in their study â€Å"Exploiting Naivete about Self-Control in the Credit Market†. (Heidhues and Koszegi, 2010) These researchers argue that the cultural programming of individuals to seek â€Å"

Operations Management Principles - The operational Management Essay

Operations Management Principles - The operational Management Challenge at the Inditex Group - Essay Example This report highlights the operational management challenges at Inditex, as well as successes in providing fast fashion merchandise to many different target markets, to determine how Inditex remains a clothing manufacturing leader among many different competitive entities internationally and within the European environment. Operational objectives and competitive advantages The goal of Inditex is to provide fast fashion merchandise, meaning that there is a rapid turnaround of existing inventory to ensure that the majority of clothing products do not have to be held in inventory, thereby reducing costs in inventory management. Inditex understands that fashion merchandise, especially with the younger markets most attracted to Inditex fashions, maintain a very short life cycle. In Zara, as one example, virtually every piece of merchandise is on display, with Zara holding only a few key pieces of the same piece of fashion products, thereby creating an image of exclusivity for discriminati ng customers (Ferdows, Lewis and Machuca 2003). Having an understanding of the industry and product lifestyles are absolutely critical as it provides the knowledge necessary to develop worthwhile future operational strategies (Ha-Brookshire and Lee 2010). The majority of Inditex’s fashion stores are still in the growth stage along the industry life cycle, an environment in which the global supply chain for fashion merchandise has increased the total volume of available smaller and larger production entities and where strategic alliances along the supply chain are becoming more well-developed. Therefore, the supply environment in the aforementioned growth stage provides Inditex with unique opportunities to procure raw materials that give Inditex the ability to have a rapid turnaround of fashion merchandise. What is unique about Inditex is that the company is able to move from the design phase to tangible, in-store delivery of finished fashion merchandise much more rapidly than its many other competitors. This is what provides Inditex with the significant competitive advantage. For instance, Zara maintains an in-house staff of approximately 300 designers who consistently upgrade current season fashions and work toward designing the next supply of fast fashion, unique merchandise (Ferdows, et al. 2003). The ability to procure enough raw materials to begin production within a 4-6 week lead time is unparalleled in the industry, supported by Inditex’s ability to produce 50 percent of its total fashion volume within its many self-owned production facilities (Ferdows, et al.). Hence, whilst Inditex is busy designing merchandise along its operational model, in-house production experts and a variety of outsourced garment producers (especially sewing capabilities) are working consistently on producing new and innovative fashions along the short lead time. Other competition in the industry have lead times that can be up to six months, thereby giving Zara con siderable competitive advantages over the majority of its fashion competitors. The aforesaid is the operational objective of Zara: to align its operational strategies and production capabilities to meet the strategic objective of exclusive fashion merchandising and production. The organisation,

Biopharmaceuticals against Viral disease - development and Research Paper

Biopharmaceuticals against Viral disease - development and pharmaceutical action - Research Paper Example In particular, biopharmaceuticals that are produced to target viral diseases will be examined using the example of Hepatitis C. Biopharmaceuticals are generally large proteins (Sekhon, 2010). The manufacture of these proteins can be done on a large scale using biotechnological methods. What production system is used depends on the type of protein being developed but can range from mammalian cells, yeast, insect cells or bacteria (Sekhon, 2010). The primary goals that have to be taken into consideration when developing a biopharmaceutical are that it should be effective under clinical situations, it should be in a form that is approvable by regulatory authorities and it should be practical to market commercially (Sekhon, 2010).after taking all these factors into consideration, the production of a biopharmaceutical is no easy feat. It requires work on many different levels of expertise (Sekhon, 2010). Very broadly, the development of a biopharmaceutical vaccine to target viruses generally involves the following stages. There is production of a carrier system followed by inoculation of the target with the virus. Reproducibility and infectivity are eliminated and the virus fragment is then purified (Sekhon, 2010). One biopharmaceuticals have been manufactured, there is also the possibility of manufacturing biosimilars, which are other biopharmaceuticals with similar structure and function. This is a challenging task as slight changes in structure; composition etc may result in a large disruption of function (Locatelli and Roger, 2006). The protein content, activity, physiochemical integrity, stability, impurities and additives and immunogenicity all have to be tested separately to ensure that they do in fact behave like the reference drug. A variety of different assays is used for this process (Locatelli and Roger, 2006). One of the major hurdles with the manufacture and use of biopharmaceuticals

Closing Guantanamo Prison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Closing Guantanamo Prison - Essay Example This study stresses that  Guantanamo Bay prison should remain open because if the prisoners are released, then they will join terrorist groups. In fact, these prisoners are criminals and may be a threat for national security so that they must be detained in the prison. However, what people don’t understand is the fact that they are making an assumption that all the prisoners detained there are criminals and will sooner or later join terrorist groups. This assumption is absolutely wrong because these prisoners are deprived of their basic rights and military courts are biased to pass any judgment about them. A criminal is a person who is proven guilty by law but when there is no law in the prison then how can we judge that these prisoners are criminals. It is vital to understand that no proper justice is carried out in these prisons and this is why such prisoners cannot be named as criminals and such judgment of them joining terrorist groups doesn't make any sense.  This pap er highlights that  the whole purpose of justice system is to make sure that no one is wrongfully convicted or sentenced. If everyone could judge and decide about guilt or innocence of a person, then why there is a need for the justice system? The fact that many American citizens have lost their life cannot be ignored but this should not neglect the right of these prisoners to prove their involvement level in such acts, if any. People should understand that everyone has some basic rights and they cannot be hijacked for any reason whatsoever.... In fact, these prisoners are criminals and may be a threat for national security so that they must be detained in the prison. However, what people don’t understand is the fact that they are making an assumption that all the prisoners detained there are criminals and will sooner or later join terrorist groups. This assumption is absolutely wrong because these prisoners are deprived of their basic rights and military courts are biased to pass any judgment about them. A criminal is a person who is proven guilty by law but when there is no law in the prison then how can we judge that these prisoners are criminals. It is vital to understand that no proper justice is carried out in these prisons and this is why such prisoners cannot be named as criminals and such judgment of them joining terrorist groups doesn't make any sense. People also ignore the inhumane actions of the forces in the Guantanamo Bay prison reasoning that to the suppose damage these prisoners have caused to the so ciety (Cratty, 2009). Thus, a proper justice must be existed in order to determine whether or not these prisoners are criminals. Moreover, what these people fail to understand is the fact that justice is the right of everyone. The whole purpose of justice system is to make sure that no one is wrongfully convicted or sentenced. If everyone could judge and decide about guilt or innocence of a person, then why there is a need for the justice system? The fact that many American citizens have lost their life cannot be ignored but this should not neglect the right of these prisoners to prove their involvement level in such acts, if any. People should understand that everyone has some basic rights and they cannot be hijacked for any reason whatsoever. Do serial killers not get

Euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Euthanasia - Essay Example Specifically, euthanasia has been defined as, â€Å"a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering" (Harris 2001, p. 70). Globally there are a variety of legal perspectives on euthanasia. In these regards one considers the nature of voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia. Voluntary euthanasia, when the act occurs with the willful consent of the patient, is permitted in some countries. Conversely, involuntary euthanasia is globally prohibited. The last two decades have experienced tremendous controversy over euthanasia as individuals such as Dr. Jack Kevorkian popularized the practice, gaining significant media attention in the process; still, one must note that even as Kevorkian gained some mainstream acceptance, he was ultimately convicted for his actions. While legal considerations of euthanasia are a major concern, of late ethical concerns have most prominently dominated the collective discussion. This essay exam ines ethical concerns within secular and catholic perspectives. While Catholic doctrine spans a wide array of considerations, one of the most comprehensive perspectives exists in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Part 3, section 2 of the catechism addresses many considerations related to euthanasia. One considers that the Ten Commandments is a foundational doctrine not simply of the Catholic Church, but of the Christian faith. ... The catechism states, "Human life is sacred because from its beginning it involves the creative action of God and it remains for ever in a special relationship with the Creator, who is its sole end. God alone is the Lord of life from its beginning until its end: no one can under any circumstance claim for himself the right directly to destroy an innocent human being" ("Vatican VA"). One considers that this passage more accurately stands against the act of euthanasia. Rather than simply prohibiting the act of murder this consideration extends the notion to include life as sacred from beginning to end, and granting God specific domain over life decisions. The preceding examples demonstrate that Catholic doctrine prohibits acts related to euthanasia. Still, individuals have argued that the nature of euthanasia – delivering one from their suffering – would be in line with the general mode of Christian thought. Further analytic consideration has been given to this counter-ar gument. While delivering an individual from suffering would seemingly be viewed as a positive step, it has been argued that Jesus suffering on the cross is positioned within the New Testament and larger Christian faith as a necessary aspect of life. In these regards, the suffering resulted in the forgiving of humanities sins. On a broader symbolic level it represents that oftentimes-suffering functions as a means of developing character or for ultimately positive reasons (Pavone). While the Catholic perspective on euthanasia strictly forbids its occurrence, there is a variety differing secular perspectives. In the realm of medical ethics one of the prominent ethical approaches is that of natural law. Natural law as established in Greek antiquity states that, â€Å"man should live life

Augusta Nationals Two Female Members Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Augusta Nationals Two Female Members - Essay Example The Augusta National Golf Club has shown gender discrimination throughout its history by allowing none of its almost 300 members to be a woman until recently, when the Cub took an action long overdue on it by announcing Condoleezza Rice, the former US Secretary of State, and Darla Moore, the South Carolina financier to be its members. The Club was also publicly pressured by Martha Burk, the women’s rights activist in the year 2001 to allow membership to women, but Hootie Johnson, the chairman of the Club at that time said in response that the Club might alter its policy one day â€Å"but not at the point of a bayonet† (Johnson cited in Tyler). When Bubba Watson joined the Augusta National Golf Club’s tradition of wearing the green jacket upon winning the Masters Golf Tournament, the celebrations were tarnished by the exclusive discrimination displayed by the Club towards the women. One of the lawyers said that the implications of this discrimination could be broader and extend to all working women. The Augusta National Golf Club has been disreputable for a long time in history because of its disallowance for women to become its members. â€Å"The fathers and sons of Augusta know full well that they have built for themselves not just a golf course but one of the great corridors of power in America, and with chests fully puffed, have fiercely and proudly denied women access to those corridors† (Brennan).... In addition to that, all of the past IBM CEOs had served as the Club’s members. The only factor that differed this time was that the CEO was a woman unlike the past CEO members who were all men. Payne retreated the discussion and Rometty did not wear the green jacket to symbolize the club’s membership over the weekend. David Scher, the Employment Law Group’s attorney expected the effects of the exclusive policy of the Augusta National Golf Club to reach all working women. He said, â€Å"This is not the only place that this is happening. Free association allows all kinds of clubs, but there are lots of men's organizations that keep women out of the workforce and it is really time for that to change† (Scher cited in Mielach). 21st century is the time for the discrimination to recede, be that against races or genders. Discriminatory policies do not help any organization holding it, but just serves to complicate things for certain members of the society. †Å"Playing golf and other pastimes is integral to the business world, and outright discrimination against women in the private golf world, although technically legal, can have a severe and lasting illegal impact in the workplace† (Scher cited in Mielach). Grant of the Augusta National Golf Club’s membership to two women in this year is a very big milestone in the way of realization of the equality of genders and will have far-reaching effects for all women in the society and bring a positive revolutionary change in the acceptability of women in the business world in general and the sports in particular. Something like selection of women members for the first time since the establishment of a prestigious club will have an effect on the policies of similar

Closing Guantanamo Prison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Closing Guantanamo Prison - Essay Example This study stresses that  Guantanamo Bay prison should remain open because if the prisoners are released, then they will join terrorist groups. In fact, these prisoners are criminals and may be a threat for national security so that they must be detained in the prison. However, what people don’t understand is the fact that they are making an assumption that all the prisoners detained there are criminals and will sooner or later join terrorist groups. This assumption is absolutely wrong because these prisoners are deprived of their basic rights and military courts are biased to pass any judgment about them. A criminal is a person who is proven guilty by law but when there is no law in the prison then how can we judge that these prisoners are criminals. It is vital to understand that no proper justice is carried out in these prisons and this is why such prisoners cannot be named as criminals and such judgment of them joining terrorist groups doesn't make any sense.  This pap er highlights that  the whole purpose of justice system is to make sure that no one is wrongfully convicted or sentenced. If everyone could judge and decide about guilt or innocence of a person, then why there is a need for the justice system? The fact that many American citizens have lost their life cannot be ignored but this should not neglect the right of these prisoners to prove their involvement level in such acts, if any. People should understand that everyone has some basic rights and they cannot be hijacked for any reason whatsoever.... In fact, these prisoners are criminals and may be a threat for national security so that they must be detained in the prison. However, what people don’t understand is the fact that they are making an assumption that all the prisoners detained there are criminals and will sooner or later join terrorist groups. This assumption is absolutely wrong because these prisoners are deprived of their basic rights and military courts are biased to pass any judgment about them. A criminal is a person who is proven guilty by law but when there is no law in the prison then how can we judge that these prisoners are criminals. It is vital to understand that no proper justice is carried out in these prisons and this is why such prisoners cannot be named as criminals and such judgment of them joining terrorist groups doesn't make any sense. People also ignore the inhumane actions of the forces in the Guantanamo Bay prison reasoning that to the suppose damage these prisoners have caused to the so ciety (Cratty, 2009). Thus, a proper justice must be existed in order to determine whether or not these prisoners are criminals. Moreover, what these people fail to understand is the fact that justice is the right of everyone. The whole purpose of justice system is to make sure that no one is wrongfully convicted or sentenced. If everyone could judge and decide about guilt or innocence of a person, then why there is a need for the justice system? The fact that many American citizens have lost their life cannot be ignored but this should not neglect the right of these prisoners to prove their involvement level in such acts, if any. People should understand that everyone has some basic rights and they cannot be hijacked for any reason whatsoever. Do serial killers not get

Augusta Nationals Two Female Members Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Augusta Nationals Two Female Members - Essay Example The Augusta National Golf Club has shown gender discrimination throughout its history by allowing none of its almost 300 members to be a woman until recently, when the Cub took an action long overdue on it by announcing Condoleezza Rice, the former US Secretary of State, and Darla Moore, the South Carolina financier to be its members. The Club was also publicly pressured by Martha Burk, the women’s rights activist in the year 2001 to allow membership to women, but Hootie Johnson, the chairman of the Club at that time said in response that the Club might alter its policy one day â€Å"but not at the point of a bayonet† (Johnson cited in Tyler). When Bubba Watson joined the Augusta National Golf Club’s tradition of wearing the green jacket upon winning the Masters Golf Tournament, the celebrations were tarnished by the exclusive discrimination displayed by the Club towards the women. One of the lawyers said that the implications of this discrimination could be broader and extend to all working women. The Augusta National Golf Club has been disreputable for a long time in history because of its disallowance for women to become its members. â€Å"The fathers and sons of Augusta know full well that they have built for themselves not just a golf course but one of the great corridors of power in America, and with chests fully puffed, have fiercely and proudly denied women access to those corridors† (Brennan).... In addition to that, all of the past IBM CEOs had served as the Club’s members. The only factor that differed this time was that the CEO was a woman unlike the past CEO members who were all men. Payne retreated the discussion and Rometty did not wear the green jacket to symbolize the club’s membership over the weekend. David Scher, the Employment Law Group’s attorney expected the effects of the exclusive policy of the Augusta National Golf Club to reach all working women. He said, â€Å"This is not the only place that this is happening. Free association allows all kinds of clubs, but there are lots of men's organizations that keep women out of the workforce and it is really time for that to change† (Scher cited in Mielach). 21st century is the time for the discrimination to recede, be that against races or genders. Discriminatory policies do not help any organization holding it, but just serves to complicate things for certain members of the society. †Å"Playing golf and other pastimes is integral to the business world, and outright discrimination against women in the private golf world, although technically legal, can have a severe and lasting illegal impact in the workplace† (Scher cited in Mielach). Grant of the Augusta National Golf Club’s membership to two women in this year is a very big milestone in the way of realization of the equality of genders and will have far-reaching effects for all women in the society and bring a positive revolutionary change in the acceptability of women in the business world in general and the sports in particular. Something like selection of women members for the first time since the establishment of a prestigious club will have an effect on the policies of similar

A Tale of Two Cities Essay Example for Free

A Tale of Two Cities Essay Throughout well-known stories, authors tend to develop memorable characters in order to enhance the plot; although they may not always be portrayed in the most considerate manner. In Charles Dickens’ novel A Tale of Two Cities, he also uses such characters. First, Lucie’s role of over dramatic damsel in distress. Second, Miss Pross’ participation as the over protective mother figure. And third, Mme. Defarge as the bloodthirsty crazed villain. Through these characters, Dickens portrays women in the three most stereotypical demeanors: weak and fragile, a worrisome mother and a psychotic wife. Throughout the novel, Lucie is a feeble girl who cannot stand up to the hardships of life. â€Å"Perfectly still and silent, and not even fallen back in her chair, she sat under his hand, utterly insensible; with her eyes fixed upon him and with that last expression looking as if it were carved or branded in to her forehead† (Dickens 25). This is Lucie’s reaction to the news from Mr. Lorry that her father, presumed to be dead, has been found alive after spending eighteen years in the Bastille. Instead of a normal reaction of tears and joy, she is simply so stunned that she cannot even move; her expression of shock and fear is frozen upon her face. She reacts very similarly when she goes to meet  her father for the first time. Dickens writes, â€Å"Mr. Lorry got his arm securely round the daughter’s waist, and held that she was sinking†¦ ‘I am afraid of it’ she answered, shuddering. ‘Of it? What?’ ‘I mean of him. Of my father’ † (36). Of course it would be intimidating for her to meet her father for the first time in her life but she is on the verge of fainting a second time just from thinking about her father. She also does not even see him as human referring to him as â€Å"it†, not even wanting to approach her father. Finally, when her husband is taken away to prison, again she displays weakness, â€Å"As he went out at the prisoners’ door, she turned laid her head lovingly on her father’s breast, tried to speak to him and fell at his feet† (324). Yes it horrible to have her husband sentenced to death and is taken away to prison. But, she has a 6 year old daughter, she cannot give in to self-pity and weakness, it is the time for her to be strong not only for herself but for her daughter as well. It is important for her to see her mother strong and able to be there for her, but when she faints, her hope falls alongside her mother’s body. It seems Lucie has never had to really fight or be strong for anything in her life before. She acts like she always needs to rely upon someone else; she is very dependant upon others. Miss Pross’ role in the novel, although not very large, was nonetheless very important, especially for Lucie. Miss Pross was the mother figure in Lucie’s life, always caring for her and always nurturing her. When Lucie faints at the mention of her father, it is Miss Pross who is the first to her side: â€Å" ‘Why, look at you all!’ bawled this figure, addressing the inn servants. ‘Why don’t you go and fetch things, instead of standing there staring at me?†¦if you don’t bring smelling salts, cold water, and vinegar, quick, I  will’ † (26). She quickly takes charge of the situation and gives out orders in the same urgency as if it was her own daughter. It is also always Lucie for whom she is most concerned about: â€Å" ‘O me, O me! All is lost!’ cried she, wringing her hands. ‘What is to be told to Ladybird? He doesn’t know me, and is making shoes!’ † (187). Dr. Manette has a relapse and is no longer coherent. Miss Pross’ first concern is not restoring Dr. Manette back to health, but what the impact of seeing her father like this will do to Lucie. Finally, Miss Pross demonstrates her love for Lucie because she is willing to lay down her life for Lucie: â€Å" ‘I am a Briton,’ said Miss Pross, ‘I am desperate. I don’t care an English twopence for myself. I know that the longer I keep you here, the greater hope there is for my ladybird’ † (356). This demonstrates Miss Pross’ love for Lucie, risking her life in the hope that her sacrifice will keep Lucie safe. Miss Pross means well and is always looking out for Lucie and would do anything for her. However at times her actions are a bit eccentric. Finally, there is Mme Defarge, a very angry and vengeful woman. Mme Defarge takes it upon herself to make a register of all the nobility whom she proclaims as enemies to the revolution: â€Å" ‘Knitted in her own stiches and her own symbols, it will always be as plain to her as the sun. Confide in Madame Defarge. It would be easier for the weakest poltroon that lives, to erase himself from existence, than to erase one letter of his name of crimes from the knitted register of Madame Defarge’ † (166). This is M. Defarge explaining his wife’s register to others of the revolution, and saying that any who make it onto the register; will meet certain death. Not only does she register all  nobility in her knitting, but Mme Defarge also makes a point to remember the faces of anyone who is an enemy to the revolution: â€Å" ‘His appearance; is it known?’ ‘Age, about forty years; height, about five feet nine; black hair; complexion dark; generally, rather handsome visage; eyes dark, face thin, long and sallow; nose aquiline, but not straight, having a peculiar inclination towards the left cheek’†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœIt is a portrait!’ said madame, laughing. ‘He shall be registered to-morrow’ † (171). Just from this short description, Mme Defarge already has a mental image of this man and even commits it to her memory. Finally, once she decides to kill someone, she will stop at nothing to kill them: â€Å" ‘I have been in the streets from the first, nothing has stopped me, I will tear you to pieces, but I will have you from that door’ † (356). This is Mme Defarge when she is confronting Miss Pross, telling her that she has been fighting in the streets for the revolution since day one, and nothing will keep her from killing Lucie as well. Mme Defarge’s rage and thirst for blood did greatly help the revolution. However, it became something that ultimately consumed her and turned her in to what she set out to destroy in the first place. It is through these characters that Dickens portrays women very unjustly. Lucie as delicate and flimsy, not being able to handle life’s hardships. Miss Pross as the overprotective mother, sometimes taking her job to the extreme. Mme Defarge as the crazed wife, always full of anger and violence. Even though women display these qualities from time to time, is it really fair to say that these traits define their whole character.

Refurbishment Of The Old Hospital Building Construction Essay

Refurbishment Of The Old Hospital Building Construction Essay Health issues are the primary concern of the government and needs to be dealt with high priority. This project is about ABC hospital trust which is under performing given the available hospital infrastructure. The desired result is to improve the hospital infrastructure and provide relief to the local community. There are two options available: 1) New Build project 2) Refurbishment of the old hospital building. The new build project seems to be a sound financial investment with regards to the public sector procurement. Benefits to be derived from this would be lower operational costs, lower maintenance costs, lower energy consumption, better budget control, high quality, improved functionality, and timely completion of the project. In Public sector procurement great deal of preference should also be given to the full life value of the project rather than short term capital cost. This report is a consideration of different procurement options with respect to addressing the objectives of the client and to achieve best value for money with a focus on the public sector procurement. It also presents a project management plan that includes various tasks which needs to be carried out for successful completion of the project. The Work Breakdown structure (WBS), linear responsibility Chart (LRC) and Action Plan (AP) are used to illustrate the type and scope of work which needs to be done over the entire life of the project. By taking all these factors in to consideration the integrated approach in the form of Design and build- Novation is adjudged as the best form of procurement. The main points which make this system reliable are speed of construction, single point responsibility (usually a contractor who would be responsible for managing the design and construction of the project); savings in cost along with maintain design standards throughout the phases of the project. (Masterman, 2006, pp. 66-90) INTRODUCTION The project is to provide a 6 storey hospital building providing acute care, accident and emergency, maternity and outpatient provision according to NHS Estates own design standards. Majority of the building will be given to inpatient services. The new build project option would comprise not only of the hospital building but also the associated road works, parking, hard and soft landscaping drainage and external works along with office accommodation, restaurant, and warehouse and delivery areas. The new build site is derelict and has been demolished to the ground level. It was used by heavy industry and has slabs and foundation remaining. The site is also subjected to subsidence and requires ground stabilization. There is a derelict pedestrian bridge which needs to be demolished. Also there are mineshafts which need to be blocked before the commencement of construction as it would be a major safety hazard. The refurbishment option of the existing building would involve substantial refurbishment and remodeling of the existing building. This would require intricate phasing and planning to allow its healthcare activities to continue. This would hinder the progress of the project which could in turn affect project completion times. The trust cannot afford this as they have limited time in their hands to make the facilities operational. Moreover substantial refurbishment and remodeling would involve costs which will be highly uncertain. The client is familiar with only conventional or the traditional procurement system. Traditional system requires design to be completed well before the actual construction commences. The sequential, fragmented and confrontational nature of the traditional system can result in lengthy design and construction periods, poor communication between clients and the project team and problems of buildability. (Masterman, 2006). The client has only 48 months to get the improved facilities operational. Hence, due to time constraint the client needs recommendation for new types of procurement systems to cope up with project deadlines and budget. STAKEHOLDERS A project stakeholder is a person or a group of people who have a vested interest in the success of the project and the environment within which the project operates. (Olander Landin, 2005, p. 1). The inference is that stakeholder can be an individual or a group of individuals which have the power to be a threat or a benefit for the project. Project managers should try to address the concerns of all stakeholders with effective communication to avoid conflicts and controversies in the project to ensure smooth completion of the project. (Olander Landin, 2005, pp. 1-8). Lack of integral engagement with stakeholders could also lead to failure of the project. They form an integral part of the project and one of the crucial factors in smooth completion of project. On the other hand, Business also has some stake in the individuals or groups for using their resources or their influences for running the business. (Walker Marr, 2001) For this purpose they have to be analysed in the following way : Identification of stakeholders Stakeholder mapping by Power/interest matrix Power/predictability matrix Stakeholder Management IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS Different stakeholders that can be associated with this project will be ABC hospital trust, City council local authority, Project manager, Architects, Contractors, Material Suppliers, Site Engineer, Structural consultants, NHS, Health and safety regulations, Wild life conservation, Insurance company, General Public- end users(patients and visitors),Hospital employees, Fire department. STAKEHOLDER MAPPING Stakeholder mapping can be done by arranging all the stakeholders of this hospital project into Power/Level of interest matrix and Power/Predictability matrix. Power / Level of Interest Matrix for this project Stakeholders with low level of interests and low power are easy to manage and would require minimal effort. (Newcombe, 2003) Stakeholders with high level of interests and low power to influence them needs to be informed about the major decisions of the project. (Newcombe, 2003) Stakeholders with low level of interest but with high power should be dealt with carefully and should be kept satisfied, failing to which their level of interests will rise and they will become stakeholders with high power and high level of interest. (Newcombe, 2003) Stakeholders with high level of interest and high power are key players and should be given top priority. The strategy of the project should have their consent at all times. (Newcombe, 2003) Power / Predictability Matrix for this project According to Power/Predictability matrix following inferences can be obtained: Stakeholders with low power and low predictability are manageable. Stakeholders with low power and high predictability will seldom cause any problems. STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT PROCESS. Project success criteria should be carefully evaluated in terms of time, cost and performance which might be influenced by or affect or concern the stakeholders directly. For effective execution of the project, resources should be available on time. These resources many a times would be at the discretion of the stakeholders. So after carefully analyzing stakeholder groups and interest levels along with predictability, stakeholder analysis with respect to stakeholders attitude should be carried out. (Turner, 2003, pp. 103-107) Stakeholder attitude can be accessed by the current level of support for the project by key stakeholders. With progress of the project, the stakeholders attitude towards the project can change which needs to be carefully monitored by the project manager. The different attitudes of the stakeholders can be summarized as follows: Changing the negative stakeholders attitude will require efforts by the project team. Key stakeholders should be the main focus of the team as they can affect the success of the project. When the stakeholders current commitment towards the project match their required commitment level then they must not be ignored, as ignoring them might change their attitude towards the project which is not desirable for the progress of the project. (Turner, 2003, pp. 109-110) STAKE HOLDER OBJECTIVES The main objective of the stakeholders would be to get high quality of health care operational within precincts of time, budget and quality. Future developments should be sustainable. CLIENT OBJECTIVES To select the best procurement route to achieve better value for money and to ensure the requirements of the stakeholders are met. To ensure the new facilities are in accordance with NHS design panel. To ensure that the project is completed within the time frame of 48 months given to them from the government. PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS Procurement is a strategy to satisfy clients development and/or operational needs with respect to the provision of constructed facilities for a discrete life cycle-By International Commission on Building (CIB W92) during its 1997 meeting. (Masterman, 2006, pp. 26-27) It can also be defined as the process that involves design, specification and acquisition of goods and services. (Carter Kirby, 2006) Procurement not only should encompass the method in design and construction of the project but also the cultural, economic, managerial, political and environmental issues raised by their implementation (McDermott Rowlinson, 1999) CLASSIFICATION OF PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS Procurement systems can be classified as follows: Separated procurement system Integrated procurement system Management oriented procurement system Discretionary system 1)Separated procurement systems: This type of system also known as the conventional system has the responsibilities for design and construction allotted to separate teams such as design team, quantity surveyors, contractors etc. For proper execution of the project the client has to deal with all the members of the project team and is himself responsible for funding and risks involved. Traditional system of procurement comes under this category. (Masterman, 2006, p. 28) 2)Integrated procurement systems: This type of system deals with responsibilities for the design and construction bestowed usually on the contractor. Hence in theory, the client has to deal with only a single organization. Design and build, novated design and build, package deal, turnkey approach are examples of this type of procurement system. (Masterman, 2006, p. 29). 3)Management-oriented procurement systems: This type of systems has the management aspect of the project carried out by an organization in co-ordination with designers, consultants to execute various activities of the project. The client will have a greater involvement in the project as compared to other procurement systems. Management contracting, construction management and design and manage come under the category of management oriented procurement systems. (Masterman, 2006, p. 29) 4)Discretionary systems: This system many a times can be argued that in reality this is not a procurement system, instead it can be means of controlling the project. The definition by Construction Industry Board (CIB) W92 states that It is a strategy to satisfy clients development and / or operational needs. The selection of the procurement system depends on the client and he lays down a framework for the overall administration of the project. Partnering and British Property Federation system are examples of this type. (Masterman, 2006, pp. 28-29,131-136) SELECTION OF PROCUREMENT ROUTE FOR HOSPITAL BUILDING Selection of a procurement route involves many factors to be considered such as Project cost, completion time, quality standards required, size of the project, risks involved, complexity of the project. Based on all the above factors Design and build novated system seems to be a suitable option for the hospital project. The main factors to be considered in this project keeping in mind the requirements of ABC hospital trust are: Project completion time Project management efficiency Project costs Provide relief to the community. Best value for money Project completion time is a major factor to be considered as any delay in this project completion would result in closure of the hospital which would have a major impact on quality of health care in the city. Delay in completion time would also result in delayed commissioning of medical equipments. Design and build Novated system enables design and construction stages to be overlapped in the project enabling speedy completion of the project. Commissioning of medical equipments and making quality healthcare operational within 48 months can be achieved by using this procurement system. Walker (1997) agrees to Smith and Wilkins (1996) that non-traditional procurement systems are more likely to enhance construction performance. (Morledge, Smith, Kashiwagi, 2006) As design and construction stages are overlapped it helps in improving communications between the client (ABC hospital trust) and the contractor. Hence overall project management efficiency is improved along with shorter project completion time. Certainty of project costs in this kind of procurement system can be achieved as there is no ambiguity in the clients requirements. Evidence also exists to support the widely held belief that when using this system the initial and final costs are lower than when using other methods of procurement basically as a result of diminished design costs, the integration of design and construction elements and the in-buildability of detailed design. This evidence was given further support by the University of Readings report when it was established that projects procured using this system were a minimum 13 percent cheaper than those using more conventional approaches. (Masterman, 2006, p. 79) Existing hospital can continue to provide some relief to the community till the new hospital building is constructed. Best value for money can be achieved by assessing on the whole life cost of the hospital rather than the initial capital costs. (Morledge, Smith, Kashiwagi, 2006). Whole life costs will not only include construction costs but also operational and maintenance cost over the life cycle of the project. WHY NEW BUILD PROJECT Benefits of choosing a new build project with design and build- novated type of procurement (New build) as compared to refurbishment are as follows: Refurbishment Existing Hospital. Design Build Novated Approach Requirements of the client 1) Uncertainty of Project costs as refurbishment can bring out many unknown costs involved in it. Certainty of Project costs. Project costs should be certain and should not exceed the estimated costs. 2) Uncertainty in completion time required for the project as the hospital would be in operation during refurbishment. Project completion time is certain. High speed of completion as it overlaps design and construction phase. Construction is 12% faster as compared to conventional systems. (Masterman, 2006, p. 78) Project should meet the 48 month deadline and should be fully operational. 3) Being an old building, it will be difficult to incorporate energy efficient methods or new technology leading to higher operational costs. New buildings can accommodate for energy efficiency which would lower the operational costs of the building. Low operational cost of the building. 4) Though the report show that refurbishment costs are lower as compared to new building, uncertainty in time and costs will lead to choosing new build. Construction costs are higher but certain. Low construction costs. 5) Whole life cycle costs would be more because of high operational costs throughout the life time of the project. Whole life cycle costs will be less and good value for money can be achieved. Best value for money. 6) Less energy efficient building. High costs would be involved to employ energy efficient methods Sustainability can be achieved with lower costs of accommodating energy efficient methods. Sustainable Construction. 7) Difficult to accommodate changes in design of building. Can be built as per the latest design required to incorporate changes in technology. Flexibility in design to accommodate changes in technology. 8) Existing health care facilities would be partially available to the public as refurbishing activities would be going on simultaneously. Existing health care facilities will be available to the public in the old hospital. Maintaining the existing healthcare facilities and upgrading them for future. SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Supply chain management can be defined as the network of organizations that are involved, through upstream and downstream linkages, in the different processes and activities that produce value in the form of products and services in the hands of the ultimate customer. (Vrijhoef Koskela, 2000) Supply chain management involves selection from different sellers and buyers inorder to get greater benefit from them rather than just focusing on an individual. Well managed supply chains often save upto 20% of the total supply chain costs whereas a poorly managed supply chain can ruin the economy of the company. (Gattorna, 2003). Present advances made by commercial companies in understanding the ways in which the supply chain works leads to significantly enhanced expectations for people who are responsible for procuring, commissioning and managing the construction activities. (Morledge, Smith, Kashiwagi, 2006, pp. 41-42). EFFECT OF PROCUREMENT ON SUPPLY CHAIN The most problematic area in the procurement process lies in the different stages of the construction supply chain between the interfaces of organizations. (McDermott Rowlinson, 1999, p. 58) In design and build Novated approach, the contractor is responsible for design and construction of the project. Being the sole person or agency it reduces the interfaces between organizations leading to efficient supply chain management. Also, the contractor might be having business relations with suppliers which would enable faster and effective communication between them regarding the requirements of the project. EFFECT OF PROCUREMENT ON QUALITY The designers have a task to integrate all the requirements in the project like fit for purpose, sustainable considerations, durability, strength, the aesthetics of the building, construction methods, selection of materials etc. This system has the same design team throughout the progress of the project providing better co ordination and clear objective for achieving high quality sustainability in the project. RISK MONITORING Construction projects require decisions to be made. Risk management is the technique used for decision making process. It is critical to have sufficient knowledge regarding the impact of the decision. Delay in making decision for gathering more information would result in delays in the project which would be highly detrimental and decisions made without sufficient information could have huge impact on the project. Hence, Risk identification and analysis form the basic steps to be performed in any project. (Smith, Merna, Jobling, 2006) Risk identification should be done for the entire project life cycle rather than only construction phase. Selection of suitable procurement route will ensure that risks are dealt in the best possible way. Risks not identified at the inception stage would require negotiations with the contractor which may or may not be successful. If successful then it would involve increased financial implications on the part of the client leading to cost over-runs. Risk identification can be done by three different methodologies: Brainstorming sessions. Analysis of historical data. Use of Industrial checklists. Assumption analysis. Delphi technique. The primary motive of risk identification is the recognition of potential sources of risk rather than perfect predictions of the future. Be any kind of procurement, risks are bound to be involved. We can just minimize the risks involved by selecting procurement system based on the requirements of the client and objectives of the project. Cheung (1997) suggests that risks should be allocated using the following priorities : person or organization best able to control risk effectively, who can absorb it financially, who has most information to control it, who benefits most from scheming it or for whom risk is normal in it business role. This can be used to allocate risk properly to the right agency which will benefit project progress. (Morledge, Smith, Kashiwagi, 2006, pp. 18-19) EFFECT OF SELECTION OF PROCUREMENT ROUTE ON RISK ALLOCATION. In design and build novated approach, it is the responsibility of the contractor to deal with design, construct and commissioning. Sometimes, operation and maintenance are also included in contractors scope of work for ensuring that it is upto the clients specification. All the risks associated are borne by the contractor rather than the client. The inference is that the clients involvement in the project would be minimal. This approach increases the risks for the contractor when compared to conventional approach. Once the specifications are finalized it is difficult for client to alter them. Altering the specifications would result in increased premiums. So it is essential to prepare the specifications carefully to avoid cost associated risks involved in the project. (Smith, Merna, Jobling, Risk allocation in Contracting Cycle, 2006). BEST VALUE FOR MONEY ABC hospital trust can achieve best value for money by choosing the new build project as it would lead to reduced whole life cycle cost, lower operational and maintenance cost. Being a new building, it would be easy to accommodate for energy efficient new technologies. It would lead to sustainable construction practices which wont be possible or will be difficult to implement in refurbishing the hospital building. Design and build-novated procurement system gives high speed of construction(early completion of the project) along with certainty of cost making it the ideal procurement system for this project with respect to value for time and money. BENCHMARKING PERFORMANCE Performance can be measured during construction by: Milestone Completion: Experienced Project Managers know that it is important to check the planned and actual completion dates of project milestones and physical evidence that the work is actually completed. (Schwalbe, 2006) Performance Review meetings Periodic project performance review meetings with the management help in tracking the project and control project schedules. A tracking Gantt chart that compares planned and actual project schedule information can be used for reporting the information to the stakeholders of the project. (Schwalbe, 2006) Worker morale The morale of workers and their work behavior will give a clear indication of the schedule performance. For example: If the project team members are working for extra hours every day then it will be a clear indication that the schedules are not realistic and the project manager would have to add more resources or reschedule it. Performance can be measured after construction by UK Best Practice Program (BPP) by evaluating the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): Client Satisfaction Product, Client Satisfaction-Service, Defects, Predictability-Cost, Predictability-Time, Profitability, Productivity, Construction Cost and Construction Time. (Kagioglou, Cooper, Aouad, 2001) Performance of the hospital project can also be measured in terms of productivity. Productivity of this project can be defined as the ratio of the output of a production process to that of the input production process. In relation to the construction industry it can be calculated by ratio of work units completed during a period to its associated costs in terms of man hours or dollars. According to Thomas Kramer work hours, quantities and productivity are evaluated with baseline values used in project estimates. Effectiveness of the current performance can be measured by comparing current performance to the historical data or planned productivity. (Cox, Issa, Ahrens, 2003) RECOMMENDATION CONCLUSION The recommendation for ABC hospital trust is to construct a new hospital building using design and build Novated procurement system. This approach would reduce project completion time and increase cost effectiveness for the project. Quality at site, sustainability in construction activities can also be achieved with great success. Selection of this kind of approach would deliver good value for money for public sector procurement. This report also recommends periodical assessment of risk and stakeholders simultaneously with the progress of the project for avoiding conflicts. With careful monitoring of interests of the stakeholders in the project and appropriate risk management, the hospital project can be completed in an effective manner. Finally the end result to be achieved by this project would be win-win solution for all.

Comparing my Outputs to the Specification :: Computer Science

Comparing my Outputs to the Specification ========================================= The logo My solution to the task allows the users of the system to print off a ready designed promotion package and customise each part of it to include their name and the address of their particular branch of Daisy Chain. The users can alter the logo slightly and can also create a completely new logo from the user guide. They can edit details quickly, for example if a shop moves or a designer is employed, then these details can be added to the business card or letterheaded paper. The system can only use fonts and borders that exist on the software- they can't create original ones. I have managed to produce a suitable logo that meets all the points on the specification. It has been significantly changed since I drew the initial design and I now feel that it is now much better than the original version. Everyone I have asked about it has confirmed this. There are however some points that you can't really say whether the logo has met- you can't tell whether the logo will date or not. If it does then following the user guides could produce a new one. To produce most of the items in the promotional package I used Adobe, which isn't strictly a graphics program, but it has sufficient features to meet all the needs of this project. The Business Card ================= I have produced a business card that meets all the requirements set out in my design specification. It  · Looks professional  · Contains the logo  · Contains the name, address, postcode and website of the company  · Has space for the employees name  · Is striking and very bright, without being garish  · Contains a short statement about what the company does. The card is only one sided and this was something that was said could be improved. This isn't necessary, but could be done quite easily, if the company decided to invest more time and money into it. I have created a user guide that has been successfully tested, so other cards of different styles could be created. There isn't really a need for this however as I feel that the design I have created is successful and doesn't need altering. The card I created is much more interesting than any of the other cards I have looked at, and it meets all the requirements in my design specification. Realistically it may be too expensive to produce but this would depend on how wealthy the company was, and whether it wished to spend a lot of money publicising its image. The Letterhead The letterhead meets all the requirements set by the design Comparing my Outputs to the Specification :: Computer Science Comparing my Outputs to the Specification ========================================= The logo My solution to the task allows the users of the system to print off a ready designed promotion package and customise each part of it to include their name and the address of their particular branch of Daisy Chain. The users can alter the logo slightly and can also create a completely new logo from the user guide. They can edit details quickly, for example if a shop moves or a designer is employed, then these details can be added to the business card or letterheaded paper. The system can only use fonts and borders that exist on the software- they can't create original ones. I have managed to produce a suitable logo that meets all the points on the specification. It has been significantly changed since I drew the initial design and I now feel that it is now much better than the original version. Everyone I have asked about it has confirmed this. There are however some points that you can't really say whether the logo has met- you can't tell whether the logo will date or not. If it does then following the user guides could produce a new one. To produce most of the items in the promotional package I used Adobe, which isn't strictly a graphics program, but it has sufficient features to meet all the needs of this project. The Business Card ================= I have produced a business card that meets all the requirements set out in my design specification. It  · Looks professional  · Contains the logo  · Contains the name, address, postcode and website of the company  · Has space for the employees name  · Is striking and very bright, without being garish  · Contains a short statement about what the company does. The card is only one sided and this was something that was said could be improved. This isn't necessary, but could be done quite easily, if the company decided to invest more time and money into it. I have created a user guide that has been successfully tested, so other cards of different styles could be created. There isn't really a need for this however as I feel that the design I have created is successful and doesn't need altering. The card I created is much more interesting than any of the other cards I have looked at, and it meets all the requirements in my design specification. Realistically it may be too expensive to produce but this would depend on how wealthy the company was, and whether it wished to spend a lot of money publicising its image. The Letterhead The letterhead meets all the requirements set by the design